![]() Further studies are needed to assess the antimicrobial spectrum of Symphytum species and to characterize the active molecules both in vitro and in vivo. Although clinical trials sustain the folk topical application of Symphytum species in musculoskeletal and blunt injuries, with minor adverse effects, its antimicrobial potency was still poorly investigated. In fact, there is increasing consumption of over-the-counter drugs, which when associated with conventional drugs can cause serious and even fatal adverse events. Not less important to highlight are the risks associated with its use. The pharmacological effects of the Symphytum species are attributed to several chemical compounds, among them allantoin, phenolic compounds, glycopeptides, polysaccharides and some toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. All articles were carefully analyzed by the authors to assess their strengths and weaknesses, and to select the most useful ones for the purpose of review, prioritizing articles published from 1956 to 2018. The present review was carried out by consulting PubMed (Medline), Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Database, Science Direct and Google Scholar (as a search engine) databases to retrieve the most updated articles on this topic. The present review aims at summarizing the main data on the therapeutic indications of the Symphytum species based on the current evidence, also emphasizing data on both the efficacy and adverse effects. Considering the innumerable potentialities of the Symphytum species and their widespread use in the world, it is extremely important to provide data compiling the available literature to identify the areas of intense research and the main gaps in order to design future studies. ![]() Symphytum species belongs to the Boraginaceae family and have been used for centuries for bone breakages, sprains and rheumatism, liver problems, gastritis, ulcers, skin problems, joint pain and contusions, wounds, gout, hematomas and thrombophlebitis. ![]() So, it could be considered as a safe and more cost-effective therapeutic agent for clinical treatment of bone disorders. According to this finding, Symphytum officinale as a natural compound can significantly induce osteogenic differentiation of rat BM-MSCs. The results illustrated that Symphytum 6 C had the most osteogenic induction effect compare with osteogenic standard medium. In the present study, the ability of homeopathic remedy Symphytum officinale to induce osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rat BM-MSCs) was studied. Cell therapy has been proposed as an effective treatment method for bone regeneration using stem cells and osteogenic inducting mediators. According to this finding, Symphytum could enhance osteogenic differentiation of MSCs and can be considered as a safe, low cost, and highly effective drug for bone regeneration. Also, quantitative analyses of ALP activity revealed that Symphytum 6 C caused the most increase in the ALP activity up to 4.04 ± 0.34 and 7.86 ± 1.38 on day 7 and 21, respectively. Symphytum 6 C had the most color intensity in ALZ and ALP staining assays. MTT assay results illustrated that Symphytum 200 C had a high cytotoxicity (to about 75.2 ± 3.12), so that lower potencies were used for the next experiments. The osteogenic induction ability of Symphytum has been assessed by alizarin red staining (ALZ) and quantitative alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assays and compared with the osteogenic standard medium. Cytotoxic effect of Symphytum on the MSCs was evaluated by MTT assay. In the present study, the ability of homeopathic remedy Symphytum officinale to induce osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rat BM-MSCs) was studied MSCs were isolated from the rat’s bone morrow.
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